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To termites, any violation of the tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites discover a potential breach, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to entice different soldiers for defence and to recruit additional workers to fix any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite lumps into other termites which induces them to be alerted and to leave pheromone trails to the distressed area, which can be a way to recruit extra workers.56.
The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae has a specialised caste of soldiers, known as nasutes, that possess the ability to exude noxious fluids via a horn-like frontal projection they use for defence.155 Nasutes have lost their mandibles throughout the course of evolution and have to be fed by employees.59 A wide variety of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the liquids that nasutes secrete.156 Similarly, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.
Soldiers of those species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis rupturing a huge gland just beneath the surface of the cuticles. The thick, yellowish fluid in the gland gets very sticky on contact with the atmosphere, entangling ants or other insects which are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.
When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a block that denies entry to any outsider.161.
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Workers use several different approaches to deal with their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate carries a corpse from the colony to eliminate it elsewhere.165 Which strategy is used depends on the nature of this corpse a employee is dealing with (i.e.
A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These tiny brown chunks, known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggsand in certain circumstances the workers tend to these.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between different species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain particular species within Reticulitermes.
This compound mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes allows the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.
Some species of ant are known to catch termites to utilize as a brand new https://innovativepestcontroladelaide.com.au/adelaide-pest-control/ food origin later on, rather than killing them. For example, Formica nigra captures termites, and those who attempt to escape are immediately seized and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species move in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants like Megaponera analis attack the exterior of mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.
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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both inhabited and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is a result of the termites' frequent occurrence in their geographical range; another is to shield themselves from flooding.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a one) is known.116 In rare cases, certain species of termites reside inside active ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.
Mounds may also offer shelter and heat to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.56.
Termites are known to transport pollen and regularly visit flowers,177 so are regarded as potential pollinators for a number of flowering plants.178 One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging workers, and it is possibly the only Orchidaceae blossom in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
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Many plants have grown powerful defences against termites. But, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they've passed the seedling phase.179 Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When kept close to the infusion, they get disoriented and eventually perish.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian research investigated the termite assemblages of 3 websites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites were present in the three websites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.